Perfiles de susceptibilidad a los antibióticos en cepas del genero Bacillus aisladas de ambientes acuáticos extremos del Ecuador / Susceptibility profiles to antibiotics in strains of the genus Bacillus isolated from extreme aquatic environments of Ecuador

Introducción: En el agua de los ecosistemas acuáticos considerados extremos, debido a los valores de sus parámetros fisicoquímicos y químicos, tales como altas concentraciones de sales, ambientes oligotróficos, pH extremos, alta radiación y temperaturas extremas, existe una población bacteriana que se ha adaptado a esas condiciones y que pueden ser un reservorio importante de resistomas naturales.Objetivo. Conocer los perfiles de susceptibilidad a diversos antibióticos en cepas del género Bacillus aisladas de balnearios de aguas mineromedicinales y de agua de un lago cratérico volcánico del Ecuador.Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron un total de 16 muestras de agua mineromedicinal y 32 muestras de agua de lago cratérico volcánico. El aislamiento de Bacillus se realizó por la técnica de filtración en membrana, utilizando filtros Millipore de 0,45 μm de poro, un volumen de muestra de 100 mL y el agar R2A. Las cepas aisladas se identificaron siguiendo los esquemas de MacFaddin (2004), complementadas con las pruebas bioquímicas de las galerías Microgen para Bacillus. El perfil de resistencia a los antibióticos se determinó por el método de difusión en placas de Kirby y Bauer (1966) interpretándose según el CLSI (2019).Resultados. Se identificaron 19 cepas de Bacillus. La mayoría de las cepas fueron resistentes y multiresistentes a los antibióticos clindamicina, eritromicina, gentamicina, oxacilina y penicilina.Conclusiones. Los resultados señalan la presencia de especies de Bacillus y de resistomas asociados a este género en el agua de ambientes naturales extremos en el Ecuador, lo cual sugiere que estos ambientes pueden ser un reservorio importante de bacterias resistentes a los antibióticos. (AU)

Introduction: The water of aquatic ecosystems considered extreme, given the values of its physicochemical and chemical parameters, such as high concentrations of salts, oligotrophic environments, extreme pH, high radiation and extreme temperatures, there is a bacterial population that has adapted to these conditions and that they can be an important reservoir of natural resistomes.Objective. The objective of the present work was to know the profiles of susceptibility to various antibiotics in strains of the Bacillus genus isolated from mineromedicinal water spas and water from a volcanic crater lake in Ecuador.Materials and methods. A total of 16 mineromedicinal water samples and 32 samples of crater volcanic lake water were analyzed. The isolation of the Bacillus colonies was carried out by the membrane filtration technique, using Millipore filters of 0.45 μm pore, a sample volume of 100 mL and R2A agar. The isolated strains were identified following the schemes of MacFaddin (2004), complemented with the biochemical tests of the Microgen galleries for Bacillus. The antibiotic resistance profile was determined by the plate diffusion method of Kirby and Bauer (1966), interpreted according to the CLSI (2019).Results. 19 Bacillus strains were identified. Most of the strains were resistant and multi-resistant to the antibiotic clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, oxacillin, and penicillin. Conclusions. The results indicate the presence of Bacillus species and resistomes associated with this genus in the water of extreme natural environments in Ecuador, which suggests that these environments may be an important reservoir of bacteria resistant to antibiotics. (AU)

Efecto citotóxico de diterpenos derivados del ácido ent-kaureno aislados de Coespeletia moritziana (Sch. Bip. ex Wedd.) Cuatrec / Cytotoxic effect of ent-kaurene acid-derived diterpenes isolated from Coespeletia moritziana (Sch. Bip. Ex Wedd.) Cuatrec

The objective of the work was to study the cytotoxic effect of ent-kaurene acid derivatives obtained from Coespeletia moritziana (Sch. Bip. Ex Wedd.) Cuatrec., After analysis by GC/MS, IR and NMR. Isolating: kaurenic acid (I), grandifloric acid (II), 15-α-hydroxy kaurenic acid (III), 15 α-acetoxy-kaur 16-en-19-oic acid (IV), Kaurenol (V); and by hemisynthesis: 15,16-epoxy-17-acetoxy-kauran 19-oic acid (VI), 15-oxo-ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (VIII), ester 2,3,4,6 -15-oxo-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid acetyl α-D-pyranosyl tetra-tetra (VII). Cytotoxicity was tested in human cancer cell lines: uterus (HeLa), lung (A-549), breast (MCF-7), African green monkey kidney non-tumor line (Vero) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (CMPS). Compound (I) was active against HeLa, A-549 and Vero. Compounds (II and VIII) showed moderate and good (IC50 ≤ 9 µM) cytotoxicity, respectively, against the five cell lines. Compound (V) showed moderate activity against A-549 and compound (VII), slight cytotoxicity against HeLa and A-549. Results that show the cytotoxic specificity of the isolated kaurenes and derivatives of Coespeletia moritzianaand their therapeutic potential.

El objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar el efecto citotóxico de derivados del ácido ent-kaureno obtenidos de Coespeletia moritziana (Sch. Bip. ex Wedd.) Cuatrec., previo análisis mediante GC/MS, IR y RMN. Aislandose: ácido kaurénico(I), ácido grandiflorénico (II), ácido 15-α-hidroxi kaurénico(III), ácido 15 α-acetoxi-kaur 16-en-19-oico (IV), Kaurenol (V); y por hemisíntesis: ácido 15,16-epoxi-17-acetoxi-kauran 19-oico (VI), ácido15-oxo-ent-kaur-16-en-19-oico (VIII), éster 2,3,4,6-tetra acetil α-D-piranosilo del ácido 15-oxo-kaur-16-en-19-oico (VII). La citotóxicidad fue ensayada en líneas celulares cancerosas humanas: útero (HeLa), pulmón(A-549), mama (MCF-7), línea no tumoral de riñón de mono verde africano (Vero) y células mononucleares humanas de sangre periférica (CMPS). El compuesto (I) resultó activo frente a HeLa, A-549 y Vero. Los compuestos (II y VIII), mostraron moderada y buena (IC50≤9µM) citotoxicidad respectivamente, frente a las cinco líneas celulares. El compuesto (V) presentó moderada actividad frente a A-549 y el (VII), leve citotoxicidad frente a HeLa y A-549. Resultados que evidencian la especificidad citotóxica de los kaurenos aislados y derivados de Coespeletia moritzianay su potencial terapéutico.

Perfiles de susceptibilidad a los antibióticos en cepas del género Bacillus aisladas de ambientes acuáticos extremos del Ecuador / Susceptibility profiles to antibiotics in strains of the genus Bacillus isolated from extreme aquatic environments of Ecuador

INTRODUCCIÓN: En el agua de los ecosistemas acuáticos considerados extremos, debido a los valores de sus parámetros fisicoquímicos y químicos, tales como altas concentraciones de sales, ambientes oligotróficos, pH extremos, alta radiación y temperaturas extremas, existe una población bacteriana que se ha adaptado a esas condiciones y que pueden ser un reservorio importante de resistomas naturales. OBJETIVO: Conocer los perfiles de susceptibilidad a diversos antibióticos en cepas del género Bacillus aisladas de balnearios de aguas mineromedicinales y de agua de un lago cratérico volcánico del Ecuador. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Se analizaron un total de 16 muestras de agua mineromedicinal y 32 muestras de agua de lago cratérico volcánico. El aislamiento de Bacillus se realizó por la técnica de filtración en membrana, utilizando filtros Millipore de 0,45 μm de poro, un volumen de muestra de 100 mL y el agar R2A. Las cepas aisladas se identificaron siguiendo los esquemas de MacFaddin (2004), complementadas con las pruebas bioquímicas de las galerías Microgen para Bacillus. El perfil de resistencia a los antibióticos se determinó por el método de difusión en placas de Kirby y Bauer (1966) interpretándose según el CLSI (2019). RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 19 cepas de Bacillus. La mayoría de las cepas fueron resistentes y multiresistentes a los antibióticos clindamicina, eritromicina, gentamicina, oxacilina y penicilina. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados señalan la presencia de especies de Bacillus y de resistomas asociados a este género en el agua de ambientes naturales extremos en el Ecuador, lo cual sugiere que estos ambientes pueden ser un reservorio importante de bacterias resistentes a los antibióticos

INTRODUCTION: The water of aquatic ecosystems considered extreme, given the values of its physicochemical and chemical parameters, such as high concentrations of salts, oligotrophic environments, extreme pH, high radiation and extreme temperatures, there is a bacterial population that has adapted to these conditions and that they can be an important reservoir of natural resistomes. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present work was to know the profiles of susceptibility to various antibiotics in strains of the Bacillus genus isolated from mineromedicinal water spas and water from a volcanic crater lake in Ecuador. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 16 mineromedicinal water samples and 32 samples of crater volcanic lake water were analyzed. The isolation of the Bacillus colonies was carried out by the membrane filtration technique, using Millipore filters of 0.45 μm pore, a sample volume of 100 mL and R2A agar. The isolated strains were identified following the schemes of MacFaddin (2004), complemented with the biochemical tests of the Microgen galleries for Bacillus. The antibiotic resistance profile was determined by the plate diffusion method of Kirby and Bauer (1966), interpreted according to the CLSI (2019). RESULTS: 19 Bacillus strains were identified. Most of the strains were resistant and multi-resistant to the antibiotic clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, oxacillin, and penicillin. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate the presence of Bacillus species and resistomes associated with this genus in the water of extreme natural environments in Ecuador, which suggests that these environments may be an important reservoir of bacteria resistant to antibiotics

Withanolide-Type Steroids from Withania aristata as Potential Anti-Leukemic Agents.

Leukemia is a blood or bone marrow cancer with increasing incidence in developed regions of the world. Currently, there is an ongoing need for novel and safe anti-leukemic agents, as no fully effective chemotherapy is available to treat this life-threatening disease. Herein, are reported the isolation, structural elucidation, and anti-leukemic evaluation of twenty-nine withanolide-type steroids (1-29) from Withania aristata. Among them, the new isolated withanolides, withaperoxidins A-D (1-4) have an unusual six-membered cyclic peroxide moiety on the withasteroid skeleton as a structural novelty. Their structures have been elucidated by means of spectroscopic analyses, including 2D NMR experiments. In addition, extensive structure-activity relationships and in silico ADME studies were employed to understand the pharmacophore and pharmacokinetic properties of this series of withasteroids. Compounds 15, 16, and 22 together with withaferin A (14) were identified as having improved antiproliferative effect (IC50 ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 µM) on human leukemia HL-60 cell lines compared with the reference drug, etoposide. This cytotoxic potency was also coupled with good selectivity index (SI 33.0-9.2) on non-tumoral Vero cell line and in silico drug likeness. These findings revealed that these natural withasteroids are potential candidates as chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of leukemia.

Microorganismos más frecuentes en infecciones cutáneas en el Hospital Provincial General Ambato / Most frequent microorganisms in skin infections at the General Provincial Hospital "Ambato"

Las infecciones cutáneas producidas por microorganismos afectan directamente a la piel, partes blandas y tejidos, donde proliferan y ocasionan graves alteraciones. Estas infecciones constituyen un problema de salud pública, ya que muchos microorganismos muestran resistencia a antimicrobianos comunes y no comunes, lo cual incide directamente en la aplicación del tratamiento adecuado al paciente. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los microorganismos más frecuentes en infecciones cutáneas, su sensibilidad y resistencia a los antibióticos en los pacientes con infección que acudieron al Hospital Provincial General "Ambato" en el período mayo 2017 ­ junio 2018. La metodología empleada en esta investigación se basa en un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal y enfoque cuali-cuantitativo, empleando la técnica documental y el reporte de resultados como instrumento. La información se tabuló y analizó mediante el paquete operativo Microsoft 2010. Se encontró que en el 29% de las muestras procesadas se aisló Staphylococcus aureus como el más frecuente en este tipo de infecciones, con mayor sensibilidad a Clindamicina, Doxacilina y Linezolid (100%) y resistencia a Penicilinas y Oxacilina (47,82%). Es importante destacar que el 47,83 % de las cepas de S. aureus aisladas expresaron fenotípicamente el gen mecA. La entidad clínica más frecuente asociada a este tipo de infección fue el ectima con un 55%. En conclusión, se comprobó la resistencia de cepas a diversos antibióticos presentando las más relevantes como meticilino resistentes, vancomicina resistentes y Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemasas

The skin infections caused by microorganisms directly alter the skin, soft tissues and tissues cause serious damage and the proliferation of them, which is a problem for health centers and hospitals, since these microorganisms are often resistant to antibacterial which are not very common is a problem for the treatment of the patient. The objective of this study was to identify the most frequent microorganisms in cutaneous infections, their sensitivity and resistance to antibiotics in the patients with infection who when to the General Provincial Hospital "Ambato", in the period May 2017 - June 2018 the methodology used in this investigation is based on a descriptive cutting study cross-section and qualitative-quantitative approach, using the documentary technique and the report of results as an instrument. The information was tabulated and analyzed using the Microsoft 2010 operating package. It was found that 29% of the samples processed were isolated Staphylococcus aureus as the most frequent in this type of infections, with greater sensitivity to Clindamycin, Doxacillin and Linezolid (100%) and resistance to Penicillins and Oxacillin (47,82%). It is important to note that 47,82% of strains of S. aureus were expressly phenotypically expressed in the mecA gene. The most frequent clinical entity associated with this type of infection was efficacy with 55%. In conclusion, the resistance of strains in several antibiotics was proved, presenting the most relevant ones as methicillin resistant, vancomycin resistant and Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemasas.

Fit to Perform: A Profile of Higher Education Music Students' Physical Fitness.

The physical demands of music making are well acknowledged, but understanding of musicians' physical and fitness profiles is nonetheless limited, especially those of advanced music students who are training to enter music's competitive professional landscape. To gain insight into how physical fitness is associated with music making, this study investigated music students' fitness levels on several standardized indicators. Four hundred and eighty three students took part in a fitness screening protocol that included measurements of lung function, flexibility (hypermobility, shoulder range of motion, sit and reach), strength and endurance (hand grip, plank, press-up), and sub-maximal cardiovascular fitness (3-min step test), as well as self-reported physical activity (IPAQ-SF). Participants scored within age-appropriate ranges on lung function, shoulder range of motion, grip strength, and cardiovascular fitness. Their results for the plank, press-up, and sit and reach were poor by comparison. Reported difficulty (22%) and pain (17%) in internal rotation of the right shoulder were also found. Differences between instrument groups and levels of study were observed on some measures. In particular, brass players showed greater lung function and grip strength compared with other groups, and postgraduate students on the whole were able to maintain the plank for longer but also demonstrated higher hypermobility and lower lung function and cardiovascular fitness than undergraduate students. Seventy-nine percent of participants exceeded the minimum recommended weekly amount of physical activity, but this was mostly based on walking activities. Singers were the most physically active group, and keyboard players, composers, and conductors were the least active. IPAQ-SF scores correlated positively with lung function, sit and reach, press-up and cardiovascular fitness suggesting that, in the absence of time and resources to carry out comprehensive physical assessments, this one measure alone can provide useful insight into musicians' fitness. The findings show moderate levels of general health-related fitness, and we discuss whether moderate fitness is enough for people undertaking physically and mentally demanding music making. We argue that musicians could benefit from strengthening their supportive musculature and enhancing their awareness of strength imbalances.

Profiling the Location and Extent of Musicians' Pain Using Digital Pain Drawings.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: According to existing literature, musicians are at risk of experiencing a range of painful musculoskeletal conditions. Recently, a novel digital technology was developed to investigate pain location and pain extent. The aim of this study was to describe pain location and pain extent in musicians using a digital method for pain drawing (PD) analysis. Additionally, the association between PD variables and clinical features were explored in musicians with pain. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-eight musicians (90 women and 68 men; aged 22.4 ± 3.6 years) were recruited from Swiss and U.K. conservatories. Participants were asked to complete a survey including both background musical information and clinical features, the QuickDASH (QD) questionnaire, and the digital PDs. RESULTS: Of the 158 participants, 126 musicians (79.7%) reported having pain, with higher prevalence in the areas of the neck and shoulders, the lower back, and the right arm. The mean percentage of pain extent was 3.1% ± 6.5%. The mean QD score was higher for musicians with pain than for those without pain. Additionally, the results indicated a positive correlation between the QD score and pain extent, and there were significant correlations between age and pain intensity, as well as between pain extent and pain intensity. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of pain among musicians has been confirmed using a digital technique for PD acquisition and analysis. In addition, positive correlations between pain extent and upper limb disability have been demonstrated. Our findings highlight the need for effective prevention and treatment strategies for musicians.

Fit to Perform: An Investigation of Higher Education Music Students' Perceptions, Attitudes, and Behaviors toward Health.

Making music at the highest international standards can be rewarding, but it is also challenging, with research highlighting pernicious ways in which practicing and performing can affect performers' health and wellbeing. Several studies indicate that music students' perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors toward health and healthy living are less than optimal, especially considering the multiple physical and psychological demands of their day-to-day work. This article presents the results of a comprehensive screening protocol that investigated lifestyle and health-related attitudes and behaviors among 483 undergraduate and postgraduate students (mean age = 21.29 years ± 3.64; 59% women) from ten conservatoires. The protocol included questionnaires measuring wellbeing, general health, health-promoting behaviors, perfectionism, coping, sleep quality, and fatigue. On each measure, the data were compared with existing published data from similar age groups. The results indicate that music students have higher levels of wellbeing and lower fatigue than comparable samples outside of music. However, they also reveal potentially harmful perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors toward health. Specifically, engagement in health responsibility and stress management was low, which along with high perfectionistic strivings, limited use of coping strategies, poor sleep quality, and low self-rated health, paints a troubling picture both for the music students and for those who support their training. The findings point to the need for more (and more effective) health education and promotion initiatives within music education; in particular, musicians should be better equipped with mental skills to cope with constant pressure to excel and high stress levels. In part, this calls for musicians themselves to engage in healthier lifestyles, take greater responsibility for their own health, and be aware of and act upon health information in order to achieve and sustain successful practice and performance. For that to happen, however, music educators, administrators, and policy makers must play an active role in providing supportive environments where health and wellbeing is considered integral to expert music training.

Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of withaferin A-analogues as potent apoptotic inducers.

Apoptosis inducers represent an attractive approach for the discovery and development of anticancer agents. Herein, we report on the development by molecular fine tuning of a withaferin A-based library of 63 compounds (2-64), 53 of them reported for the first time. Their antiproliferative evaluation on HeLa, A-549 and MCF-7 human tumor cell lines identified fifteen analogues displaying higher activity (IC50 values ranging 0.3-4.8 µM) than the lead (IC50 values ranging 1.3-10.1 µM) either in lag or log growth phases. SAR analysis revealed that acylation enhances cytotoxicity, suggesting the hydrophobic moiety contributes to the activity, presumably by increasing affinity and/or cell membrane permeability. Further investigation clearly indicated that compounds 3, 11, 12, and 18 induce apoptosis evidenced by chromatin condensation, phosphatidylserine externalization, and caspase-3 activation effects on HeLa cells. The potent capacity to induce apoptosis with concomitant cell loss in G2/M highlights the potential of 27-benzyl analogue (18) as an apoptotic inducer drug candidate.

Perceived Enablers and Barriers to Optimal Health among Music Students: A Qualitative Study in the Music Conservatoire Setting.

Student health and wellbeing within higher education has been documented as poor in relation to the general population. This is a particular problem among students at music conservatoires, who are studying within a unique educational context that is known to generate both physical and psychological challenges. This article examines how conservatoire students experience health and wellbeing within their institutional context, using a framework from health promotion to focus attention on perceived enablers and barriers to optimal health in relation to three levels: lifestyle, support services, and conservatoire environment. In order to respond to the individuality of students' experiences, a qualitative approach was taken based on semi-structured interviews with 20 current or recent conservatoire students in the United Kingdom. Thematic analysis revealed a complex set of enablers and barriers: (i) lifestyle enablers included value placed on the importance of optimal health and wellbeing for musicians and daily practices to enable this; lifestyle barriers included struggling to maintain healthy lifestyles within the context of musical practice and learning; (ii) support enablers included accessible support sources within and beyond the conservatoire; support barriers included a perceived lack of availability or awareness of appropriate support; (iii) environmental enablers included positive and enjoyable experiences of performance as well as strong relationships and communities; environmental barriers included experiences of comparison and competition, pressure and stress, challenges with negative performance feedback, psychological distress, and perceived overwork. The findings reveal a need for health promotion to focus not only on individuals but also on the daily practices and routines of conservatoires. Additionally, they suggest that continued work is required to embed health and wellbeing support as an integral component of conservatoire education, raising awareness so that all students are fully informed of where, and how, to seek the information or help that they may need. Finally, they indicate a need for more radical scrutiny of the cultures of conservatoires and an assessment of how these can be modified to best optimize students' health and wellbeing.

Chemical composition and biological activity of essential oil of achyrocline ramosissima briton ex rusby (asteraceae) / Composición química y actividad biológica del aceite esencial de achyrocline ramosissima britton ex rusby (asteraceae)

Essential oil from fresh aerial parts of Achyrocline ramosissima Britton ex Rusby (Asteraceae) collected in the Venezuelan Andes was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS. A yield of 0.10 percent w/v was afforded, and thirty seven components were identified by comparison of their retention indices (RI) and mass spectra with the Wiley GC-MS Library Data. The major components identified were rosifoliol (31.69 percent), beta-caryophyllene (8.61 percent), guaiol (3.95 percent), beta-eudesmol (3.33 percent) and selina-3,7 (11)-diene (2.99 percent). Antimicrobial activity of A. ramosissima essential oil was also evaluated against Gram positive, Gram negative bacterial strains and Candida albicans yeast. The results showed that, this oil is effective against Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 with MIC values ranging from 50 to 100 μg/mL and MBC values > 200 μg/mL as well as Bacillus subtilis CECT 39 with MIC values of 50 μg/mL and MBC of 100 μg/mL, however a low activity was observed against Gram negative bacterial strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa AK 958, Escherichia coli CECT 99 and C. albicans yeast performing MIC and MBC values > 200 μg/mL. Cytotoxic activity was also determined against HeLa (cervix carcinoma), A-459 (lung carcinoma), MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) human cancer cell lines and against normal Vero cells (African green monkey kidney), exhibiting antiproliferative effects with IC50 values of 28.2 μg/mL (HeLa cells). This is the first report regarding the chemical composition, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of the essential oil from this species.

El aceite esencial de las partes aéreas frescas de Achyrocline ramosissima Britton ex Rusby (Asteraceae) recolectada en los Andes venezolanos fue extraído por hidrodestilación y analizado por CG/EM. Se obtuvo un rendimiento de 0,10 por ciento m/v, treinta y siete componentes fueron identificados por comparación de los índices de retención (IR) y sus espectros de masas con los datos de la biblioteca Wiley GC-MS. Los principales componentes identificados fueron rosifoliol (31,69 por ciento), beta-cariofileno (8,61 por ciento), guaiol (3,95 por ciento), beta-eudesmol (3,33 por ciento) y selina-3,7 (11)-dieno (2,99 por ciento). La actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de A. ramosissima fue evaluada contra cepas bacterianas Gram positivas, Gram negativas y la levadura Candida albicans. Los resultados mostraron que el aceite esencial fue activo contra las bacterias Gram positivas Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 con una CIM entre 50-100 μg/mL y CBM de valores > 200 μg/mL y Bacillus subtilis CECT 39 con CIM de 50 μg/mL y CBM de 100 μg/mL, sin embargo se observó una baja actividad contra las cepas bacterianas Gram negativas Pseudomonas aeruginosa AK 958, Escherichia coli CECT 99 y la levadura C. albicans cuyos valores de CIM y CBM fueron > 200 μg/mL. La actividad citotóxica fue determinada frente a las líneas celulares cancerígenas HeLa (carcinoma de cuello uterino), A-459 (carcinoma de pulmón), MCF-7 (adenocarcinoma de mama) y frente a las células normales Vero (células renales de mono verde), mostrando efectos antiproliferativos con valores de CI50 28.2 μg/mL frente a las células HeLa. Este es el primer reporte sobre la composición química, actividad antibacteriana y citotóxica del aceite esencial de esta especie.

O enfermeiro e a educação em saúde, no atendimento aos portadores de tuberculose (TB) na unidade básica de saúde / La enfermera y la educación para la salud, de atención a los pacientes con tuberculosis (TB) en una unidad básica de salud / The nurse and health education, providing care to patients with tuberculosis (TB) in a basic health unit

Objective: To reflect on the importance of the role of a nurse educator in tuberculosis control in primary care unit. Method: The study was a descriptive and exploratory, held in databases: LILACS, and SciELO BDENF from 2000 to 2010, where we selected 09 potential bibliographies. Results: The categories were "DOTS as a factor facilitating adherence to treatment", "the importance of the bond for the performance of the nurse educator" and "Factors that undermine the achievement of therapeutic success." Conclusions: The nurse is in a position to provides health education, promoting prevention, and teaching self-care, and developing programs involving society.

Objetivo: Refletir sobre a importância da atuação do enfermeiro como educador no controle da tuberculose na unidade básica de saúde. Metódo: Estudo de caráter descritivo-exploratória, realizado nas bases de dados: LILACS, BDENF e SCIELO no período de 2000 a 2010, onde selecionamos 09 bibliografias potenciais. Resultados: As categorias emergentes foram “DOTS como Fator facilitador a adesão ao tratamento da tuberculose”, “a importância do vínculo para a atuação do enfermeiro como educador” e “Fatores que fragilizam a obtenção do sucesso terapêutico”. Conclusão: O enfermeiro encontra-se em uma posição mais propícia para a educação em saúde, favorecendo a prevenção, e ensinamento do auto-cuidado, e desenvolvendo programas que envolvam a sociedade.

Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre la importancia del papel de una enfermera educadora en el control de la tuberculosis en la unidad de atención primaria. Método: El estudio fue descriptivo y exploratorio, realizado en bases de datos: LILACS, BDENF y SciELO desde 2000 a 2010, donde se seleccionaron 09 bibliografías potenciales. Resultados: Las categorías eran "DOTS como un factor que facilita la adherencia al tratamiento", "la importancia de la fianza para el desempeño de la enfermera educadora" y "Factores que socavan la consecución de éxito terapéutico". Conclusiones: La enfermera está en condiciones de proporcionar educación sanitaria, la promoción de la prevención, y la enseñanza de auto-cuidado y el desarrollo de programas relacionados con la sociedad.

Chemical composition and biological activity of Conyza bonariensis essential oil collected in Mérida, Venezuela.

The essential oil from aerial parts of Conyza bonariensis (L) Cronquist collected in Mérida was obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC/MS. The major components were trans-beta-farnesene (37.8%), trans-ocimene (20.7%) and beta-sesquiphellandrene (9.8%). Cytotoxicity assay was also performed with the essential oil against HeLa (cervix carcinoma), A-459 (lung carcinoma) and MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) human cell lines and against normal Vero cells (African green monkey kidney) with IC50 values ranging from 1.4 to 45.8 microg/mL. Additionally, the essential oil presented a significant bactericidal effect against Bacillus cereus, while a moderate activity was observed against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans.

Withaferin A-related steroids from Withania aristata exhibit potent antiproliferative activity by inducing apoptosis in human tumor cells.

Six new withanolides (1-6) along with eleven known ones (7-17) were isolated from the leaves of Withania aristata. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Semisynthesis of the minority metabolites 7 and 15 from compounds 6 and 9, respectively, as starting material, was performed. The isolated compounds as well as three derivatives (7a, 9a and 9b) of withaferin A were evaluated for cytotoxicity against HeLa (carcinoma of the cervix), A-549 (lung carcinoma) and MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) human cancer cell lines, and against normal Vero cells (African green monkey kidney). Five compounds from this series (8, 9a, 9b, 11 and 13) exhibited potent antiproliferative effects on the tumor cells, even higher than the well known anticancer agent, withaferin A (9). Phosphatidylserine externalization, chromatin condensation, and caspase-3 activation clearly indicated apoptosis as a mechanism of action. The structure-activity relationship revealed valuable information on the pharmacophore for withanolide-type compounds.

A new natural spiro heterocyclic compound and the cytotoxic activity of the secondary metabolites from Juniperus brevifolia leaves.

A new natural spiro compound 3,4-dehydrotheaspirone and the known arctiol [1ß,6α-dihydroxy-4(14)-eudesmene] were isolated from Juniperus brevifolia. Arctiol is reported for the first time in the Juniperus genus. Their structures were established by 1D, and 2D NMR and MS spectra. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of 1 and several secondary metabolites 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 previously isolated by our group from J. brevifolia were evaluated and some SAR has been established. The 18-hydroxydehydroabietane (4) displayed great antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines tested, namely HeLa, A-549 and MCF-7. Compound 4 also presented a significant bactericidal effect against Bacillus cereus at different concentrations tested.

Withanolides from Withania aristata and their cytotoxic activity.

Seven new withanolides (1-7), along with three known ones (8-10), were isolated from the leaves of Withania aristata. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including 2D NMR experiments and spectrometric techniques, and the absolute configuration of 1 and 2 was established by CD analysis. In the search for new cytotoxic compounds from Withania species, the isolated compounds 1-9, along with two derivatives, were assayed for their cytotoxicity against HeLa, MCF-7 and A-549 human tumor cell lines. Derivative (4S,20R,22R)-27-acetoxy-4-p-bromobenzoyloxy-1-oxo-witha-2,5,16,24-tetraenolide (13) showed cytotoxicity against all the cell lines assayed with IC(50) values ranging from 2.8 to 3.6microM, and (4S,20R,22R)-4,27-diacetoxy-4-hydroxy-1-oxo-witha-2,5,16,24-tetraenolide (12) exhibited an IC(50) value of 5.4microM on the MCF-7 cell line.

Semisynthesis and biological evaluation of abietane-type diterpenes. Revision of the structure of rosmaquinone.

The new aromatic diterpenes 7beta-O-benzylrosmanol (3), 7beta-O-benzyl-11,12-di-O-methylrosmanol (4), and 7alpha-thiophenylcarnosic acid (5) have been obtained by partial synthesis from carnosol (1), an abundant natural diterpene present in Salvia species. The structures of these compounds were established from their physical and spectroscopic data. The known diterpenes sagequinone methide A (6), 7beta-O-methylrosmanol (7), 7-O-methylrosmanol (8), and rosmaquinone B (9) were obtained from rosmanol (2). The spectroscopic data of these semisynthetic diterpenes were identical to data reported in the literature. In addition, the new semisynthetic isorosmaquinone (10) was obtained from isorosmanol (12). The proton resonances of rosmaquinone (11) are reassigned based on 2D NMR spectroscopy. These compounds, as well as eight known analogues, were evaluated for cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities.

Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido Ilustrado / Illustrated Term of Free and Informed Consent

Este trabalho tem como objetivo propor o uso do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido Ilustrado (TCLEI), adequado ao Código de Defesa do Consumidor e demais leis aplicáveis, de modo simples para profissionais e acessível aos pacientes. Tendo em vista que nos casos de processos judiciais, o ônus da prova recai sobre os profissionais, cabe a estes a responsabilidade na elaboração e arquivamento dos prontuários. A ocorrência de processos na área, envolvendo tratamentos executados em clínicas de instituições educacionais de graduação e pós-graduação em odontologia, reforça a preocupação dos docentes para a aplicação do TCLEI. A sua utilização no meio acadêmico, visa instruir e preparar os acadêmicos para a vida profissional, assim como resguardar a instituição e os docentes orientadores responsáveis pelo acompanhamento dos pacientes. É comum que pacientes destas instituições tenham dificuldade no entendimento de um termo convencional, apenas textual (AU).

This study aimed at proposing use of an Illustrated Free and Informed Consent Term (FICT), adapted to comply with the Consumer Defense Code and other relevant laws, in a fashion made simple to professionals and accessible to patients. In view of the fact that the burden of proof is on the professional in cases of legal disputes, it is the responsibility of these professionals to draft and file clinical records. The lawsuits involving treatments performed in clinics run by institutions offering undergraduate and graduate studies in dentistry reinforce the concern of professors regarding application of an illustrated FICT. Its academic implementation is intended to instruct and prepare students for their professional life, and also to protect dental professors responsible for monitoring patients (AU).

Efecto tóxico del extracto de alga roja gracilaria mammillaris en células mononucleares humanas de sangre periférica / Toxic effect of the alga red extracts gracilaria mammimmaris in cells human mononucleares of outlyng bood

Con el objeto de determinar la toxicidad del alga roja Gracilaria mammillaris, se utilizaron células mononucleares de sangre periférica (CMSP), las cuales fueron separadas utilizando la técnica de ficoll-hypaque, ajustadas a 2 x 10 elevado a la 5 cel/pozo e incubadas con un extracto metanólico del alga roja Gracilaria mammillaris, con y sin sulfato ferroso, a concentraciones de 5,0 y 2,5 µg/concentraciones usadas en presencia de sulfato ferroso fue 94 por ciento y 95 por ciento y sin sulfato ferroso 96 por ciento. Los resultados revelaron una baja toxicidad del extracto metanólico, con o sin sulfato ferroso, garantizando su uso en estudios humanos sin riesgo tóxico

Comparación de la actividad antiviral de polifenoles presentes en las frutas: mora (rubus fruticosus B), grapefruit (citrus paradisi M) y fresa (fragaria vesca L) / Comparation of antiviral activity of poluphenoles present in the fruits: blackberry (rubus fruticosus B) grapefruit (citrus paradici M) and strawberry (fragaria vesca L)

Una variada actividad farmacológica de citrus paradasi M, rubus fructicosus B y fragaria vesca L ha sido reportada, relacionada principalmente a la pesencia de polifenoles y sus cualidades como antioxidantes y barredores de radicales libres. La extracción acuosa de las frutas se sometió a separaciones cromatográficas en columnas de silicagel, seguidas por cromatografía de papel. La actividad antiviral fue reconocida mediante la aplicación de las fracciones a bacteriófagos de pseudomonas aeruginosa 10116-195; luego del periodo de contacto, la mezcla fue añadida a las bacterias huésped e incubados a 37°C por 24 y 72 horas. El modelo empleado, es comparable con modelos de virosis humanas. Los experimentos se realizaron con la adición de solución sulfato ferroso para evaluar si la actividad es potenciada por éste. En presencia de sulfato ferroso se encontró que los extractos crudos de las frutas inhibieron al fago a 24 y 72 horas, y todas las fracciones fueron activas a 72 horas. Las fracciones 5 de la mora y 2 de la grapefruit exhibieron actividad a las 72 horas en ausencia sulfato ferroso. Los ensayos se realizaron por cuadruplicado y los controles mostraron los resultados esperados. La inactivación del fago por las fracciones en presencia de sulfato ferroso, probablemente es debida a la producción de radicales libres.